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rsm; vG,fulaygYyg;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;? (3) tpm;
taomufrS ab;&ef rusa&mufjcif;? (4) odrf;qnf;
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rIef} [l¨ª a&;cJYMuonf/ tif;0acwf (at'D 1364-
1555) rSp¨ª ]wefaqmifrkef;} [ka&;om;vmMuaMumif;
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a&mifjzifY azsmufvTifhapaomv[k qkdvdkygonf/ ]wef
aqmifwdkif} [lonf tvif;a&mifudk aqmif,laomwdkif
(0g) rD;&I;wkdif? tvif;wdkifudk ac:qdkjcif; jzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrDumvu vlwdkYonf þv
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jzpf¨ª ]rkd;vtqHk;? wefaqmifrkef;} [l¨ªqdkavY &SdMu
onf/ jrefrmwkdY\v,f,mpdkufcif;uGif;jyifwdkYrSpyg;
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aqmif;rkef;vwGif uxdefyJG?wefaqmifwkdifyJG?omrn
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yJG} "avhudk jrefrmEdkifiHodkY Ak'omoem pwifa&muf
&Sdaom yk*Hacwf(at'D167-1287)uyiftxl;wvnf
usif;ycJYMuonf/ jrefrmAk'bmom0ifwdkYonf ]bk;&m;
rSm pdef? ausmif;rSm odrf? ouFef;rSm uxdef} [l¨ª
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wGif uxdefouFef; tvSLyJGonf tBuD;us,fqHk; jzpf
onf/ NrdKYe,f? &yfuGuf? aus;&Gm? tvkyfXme? puf&kH?
ausmif; ponfhwdkYtvdkuf? yk*vdu ESifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&
tzJGYtpnf;rsm; tvdkuf ]uxdefouFef;uyfvSLyJG}udk BuD;
us,fcrf;em;pGm jyKvkyfavh&SdMuonf/ y"me uxdefvsm
ouFef;(ac:) nwfouFef; ESifh tjcm;t&HvSLbG,f
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om;wkdifpif wpfckwGif pD&DcsdwfqJG¨ª vSLbG,fya'omyif
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ajrmufzG,f vSnfhvnfum uxdefus&m ausmif;wdkufodkY
ydkYaqmifvSL'gef;avh &SdMuonf/ vSL'gef;olwdkYwGifvnf;
(1) ab;&efuif;pGm c&D;oGm;vmEdkifjcif;? (2) tvkyfudpö
rsm; vG,fulaygYyg;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;? (3) tpm;
taomufrS ab;&ef rusa&mufjcif;? (4) odrf;qnf;
xm;aom ypönf;Opöm rysufpD;Ekdifjcif;? (5) rdrdudk,fydkif
ypönf;udk taESmifht,SufrJY udk,fwkdifoHk;pGJEkdifjcif; tusdK;
(5)rsdK;udk &&SdEdkifygonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vudk yk*Hacwf tcgu ]wefaqmif
rIef} [l¨ª a&;cJYMuonf/ tif;0acwf (at'D 1364-
1555) rSp¨ª ]wefaqmifrkef;} [ka&;om;vmMuaMumif;
qkdMuygonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm rD;&I;? rD;wdkif? qDrD;rsm;
xGef;vif;apaomv (0g) trdkuftarSmifudk rD;tvif;
a&mifjzifY azsmufvTifhapaomv[k qkdvdkygonf/ ]wef
aqmifwdkif} [lonf tvif;a&mifudk aqmif,laomwdkif
(0g) rD;&I;wkdif? tvif;wdkifudk ac:qdkjcif; jzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrDumvu vlwdkYonf þv
þtcgwGif rD;ewfjzpfaom MuwÅdumeuwf udkylaZmf
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Muonf/ MuwÅdumeuwf
qdkonfrSm ntcgwGif vl
odrsm; xif&Sm;vSaom ]azsmufqdwfMu,f}ac: Mu,fpk
jzpfygonf/ þtcsdefumvwGif &moDOwk Munfvif
aomaMumifh vltrsm;wdkYonf awmifjrifh?awmifxGwfodkY
rD;wkwfrsm;? rD;wdkifrsm; pka0;udkifaqmif wufa&muf
¨ª ]awmifxdyfyJG} (ac:) ]eu©wfyJG} usif;yavY&SdcJYMu
onf/]awmifxdyfewfyJGobif}[l¨ªvnf;ac:qdkcJYMu
onf/bk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD;umvwGifrlwm0wðomewf
jynf&Sd bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ qHawmfudef;0yfylaZmf
&m ]plVmrPd} apwDawmfodkY&nfrSef;vsuf]rD;yHk;ysH}rsm;
udk yHkyef;o mef trsdK;rsdK;jyKvkyf¨ªydkYvTwfylaZmfavY
&SdMuonf/ jrefrmjynf txufydkif;&Srf;jynfe,fwGif]rD;
yHk;ysHvTwfylaZmfyJG} rsm;tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyfavY &SdMu
onf/
wefaqmifrkef;v tcgwGif aq;yiftaygif;udk
apmifhaomewfwdkYonf rJZvDyifapmifhewfrif;tm;wnD
wñGwfwnf; vma&mufcpm;Muonf/ rJZvDzl;udk pm;
oHk;cJYaomf (96)yg; a&m*grsm;uif;¨ª bkef;BuD; touf
&SnfEkdifonf[k ]om&aumrk'd} aq;usrf;u jyqdkyg
onf/ xkdaMumifh jrefrma&S;tpOftvmt& wefaqmif
rkef;vjynfh tcgor,wGif ]rJZvDzl;}udktqmpHkpGmokyf
¨ª rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; pm;oHk;umywf0ef;usiftdrfeD;
csif;rsm;tm;vnf; rJZvDzl;okyf txkyfi,frsm;udk aq;
0g;tjzpf ay;a0vsuf 'gejyKavY &SdMuonf/ eu©wf?
Mu,fwm&m pHknDpGmay:xGef;aomaMumifh aq;tmedoif
rsm; Edk;<uxufjrufap¨ª ]aq;aygif;confhn} [k
vnf; ,HkMunfMuonf/ þntcg¨¹ cll;qGwfwl;azmf&
&Sdaom aq;yif? aq;&Guf? tjrpf? tzk?tOwkdYudk txl;
odrf;qnf;um tvdk&Sd&mtcg¨¹ toHk;jyKMuonf/ v
jynfhaeYnOfYv,f vrGef;wnfhcsdef¨¹ v&dyfonfa&tjyif
usa&mufonfhtcg ]vrGef;wnfha&}udk aomufoHk;¨ª
aq;tmedoif jynfh0vsuf usef;rma&; aumif;rGefap
onf [k,lqMuonf/ þtcg¨¹ vufvSrf;rD&m aq;
yif aq;&GufwdkYudk cl;qGwfum pm;oHk;avh &SdMuonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vwGif xGufay:aom MuwÅdum
eu©wf udkeu©wfynm&SifwdkYu apm&eu©wf (ac:) olckd;
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wulawGY&Sd csDrEdkifaom ypönf;rsm;udk,l¨ª vrf;rwGif
pkyHkxm;jcif;? ykqdk;? xrD &&mwdkY tvHxl¨ªxm;jcif;
ponfjzifh eHeuftcg¨¹ vl&,fzG,fjzpfatmif zefwD;Mu
onf/ wpfnaecif;vHk; tdrfaygufapYvkdufum tvSL
aiGESifhpm;p&mrsm; tvSLcHMuNyD; wpfncif;vHk; csufjyKwf
pm;aomufum jrL;wl;aysmf&TifMuonf/ aiGaMu; jynfhpHk
olwdkYurl vjynfhaeYnwGif ]rac:rkefYvHk;} (ac:) rHkYvHk;
a&ay:auR;jcif;? Muufom;qefjyKwf wkdufauR;jcif;?
rJZvDzl;okyfa0jcif;ESifY ydkufqHBuJjcif;wdkYudk jyKum uk
odkvf,lavY &SdMuonf/
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmftcgu wefaqmifrkef;
vjynfhaeY wpfnwGif &mZN*dKvfjynfh&Sif tZmwowf
rif;\ avQmufxm;csuft& ]omrnzv okwfawmf}
udk xkwfazmfa[mMum; awmfrlcJYygonf/]omrnzv}
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[l¨ª qdkvkdygonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;\ *kPfyk'fwdkYudk
xkwfazmf a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ]oHCm
awmfrsm;aeY} [l¨ªvnf;aumif;?]omrnzvtcgawmf
aeY} [l¨ªvnf;aumif; ,cktcgwGif wefaqmifrkef;v
jynfhaeY udkowfrSwf usif;yMuygonf/
t&Sif a&0w
odrsm; xif&Sm;vSaom ]azsmufqdwfMu,f}ac: Mu,fpk
jzpfygonf/ þtcsdefumvwGif &moDOwk Munfvif
aomaMumifh vltrsm;wdkYonf awmifjrifh?awmifxGwfodkY
rD;wkwfrsm;? rD;wdkifrsm; pka0;udkifaqmif wufa&muf
¨ª ]awmifxdyfyJG} (ac:) ]eu©wfyJG} usif;yavY&SdcJYMu
onf/]awmifxdyfewfyJGobif}[l¨ªvnf;ac:qdkcJYMu
onf/bk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD;umvwGifrlwm0wðomewf
jynf&Sd bk&m;tavmif;awmf\ qHawmfudef;0yfylaZmf
&m ]plVmrPd} apwDawmfodkY&nfrSef;vsuf]rD;yHk;ysH}rsm;
udk yHkyef;o mef trsdK;rsdK;jyKvkyf¨ªydkYvTwfylaZmfavY
&SdMuonf/ jrefrmjynf txufydkif;&Srf;jynfe,fwGif]rD;
yHk;ysHvTwfylaZmfyJG} rsm;tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyfavY &SdMu
onf/
wefaqmifrkef;v tcgwGif aq;yiftaygif;udk
apmifhaomewfwdkYonf rJZvDyifapmifhewfrif;tm;wnD
wñGwfwnf; vma&mufcpm;Muonf/ rJZvDzl;udk pm;
oHk;cJYaomf (96)yg; a&m*grsm;uif;¨ª bkef;BuD; touf
&SnfEkdifonf[k ]om&aumrk'd} aq;usrf;u jyqdkyg
onf/ xkdaMumifh jrefrma&S;tpOftvmt& wefaqmif
rkef;vjynfh tcgor,wGif ]rJZvDzl;}udktqmpHkpGmokyf
¨ª rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; pm;oHk;umywf0ef;usiftdrfeD;
csif;rsm;tm;vnf; rJZvDzl;okyf txkyfi,frsm;udk aq;
0g;tjzpf ay;a0vsuf 'gejyKavY &SdMuonf/ eu©wf?
Mu,fwm&m pHknDpGmay:xGef;aomaMumifh aq;tmedoif
rsm; Edk;<uxufjrufap¨ª ]aq;aygif;confhn} [k
vnf; ,HkMunfMuonf/ þntcg¨¹ cll;qGwfwl;azmf&
&Sdaom aq;yif? aq;&Guf? tjrpf? tzk?tOwkdYudk txl;
odrf;qnf;um tvdk&Sd&mtcg¨¹ toHk;jyKMuonf/ v
jynfhaeYnOfYv,f vrGef;wnfhcsdef¨¹ v&dyfonfa&tjyif
usa&mufonfhtcg ]vrGef;wnfha&}udk aomufoHk;¨ª
aq;tmedoif jynfh0vsuf usef;rma&; aumif;rGefap
onf [k,lqMuonf/ þtcg¨¹ vufvSrf;rD&m aq;
yif aq;&GufwdkYudk cl;qGwfum pm;oHk;avh &SdMuonf/
wefaqmifrkef;vwGif xGufay:aom MuwÅdum
eu©wf udkeu©wfynm&SifwdkYu apm&eu©wf (ac:) olckd;
eu©wf [kqdkavY&SdMuonf/ xkdaMumifh vjynfhaeY n
tcgwGif ]usD;rEdk;yJG} (ac:) ]olcdk;umv} tjzpf uav;?
vli,frsm; aysmf&TifpGm aqmhjrL;avY &SdMuonf/ wpfn
vHk; eHeuf usD;rEdk;rDwdkifatmif tdrf&SifrodapyJ tvG,f
wulawGY&Sd csDrEdkifaom ypönf;rsm;udk,l¨ª vrf;rwGif
pkyHkxm;jcif;? ykqdk;? xrD &&mwdkY tvHxl¨ªxm;jcif;
ponfjzifh eHeuftcg¨¹ vl&,fzG,fjzpfatmif zefwD;Mu
onf/ wpfnaecif;vHk; tdrfaygufapYvkdufum tvSL
aiGESifhpm;p&mrsm; tvSLcHMuNyD; wpfncif;vHk; csufjyKwf
pm;aomufum jrL;wl;aysmf&TifMuonf/ aiGaMu; jynfhpHk
olwdkYurl vjynfhaeYnwGif ]rac:rkefYvHk;} (ac:) rHkYvHk;
a&ay:auR;jcif;? Muufom;qefjyKwf wkdufauR;jcif;?
rJZvDzl;okyfa0jcif;ESifY ydkufqHBuJjcif;wdkYudk jyKum uk
odkvf,lavY &SdMuonf/
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmftcgu wefaqmifrkef;
vjynfhaeY wpfnwGif &mZN*dKvfjynfh&Sif tZmwowf
rif;\ avQmufxm;csuft& ]omrnzv okwfawmf}
udk xkwfazmfa[mMum; awmfrlcJYygonf/]omrnzv}
[lonf ]&[ef;? &[ef;jyKvkyf&jcif;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;}
[l¨ª qdkvkdygonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;\ *kPfyk'fwdkYudk
xkwfazmf a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ]oHCm
awmfrsm;aeY} [l¨ªvnf;aumif;?]omrnzvtcgawmf
aeY} [l¨ªvnf;aumif; ,cktcgwGif wefaqmifrkef;v
jynfhaeY udkowfrSwf usif;yMuygonf/
t&Sif a&0w
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rmwdum
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